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Outline Basic hypertension Definition

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Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. High blood pressure typically does not cause symptoms. Long-term high blood pressure, however, is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral arterial disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease, and dementia.

High blood pressure is classified as primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension. About 90–95% of cases are primary, defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and genetic factors. Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess salt in the diet, excess body weight, smoking, and alcohol use. The remaining 5–10% of cases are categorized as secondary high blood pressure, defined as high blood pressure due to an identifiable cause, such as chronic kidney disease, narrowing of the kidney arteries, an endocrine disorder, or the use of birth control pills.

Blood pressure is expressed by two measurements, the systolic and diastolic pressures, which are the maximum and minimum pressures, respectively. For most adults, normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100–130 millimeters mercury (mmHg) systolic and 60–80 mmHg diastolic. For most adults, high blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg. Different numbers apply to children.Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over a 24-hour period appears more accurate than office-based blood pressure measurement.

Lifestyle changes and medications can lower blood pressure and decrease the risk of health complications. Lifestyle changes include weight loss, physical exercise, decreased salt intake, reducing alcohol intake, and a healthy diet. If lifestyle changes are not sufficient then blood pressure medications are used.Up to three medications can control blood pressure in 90% of people.The treatment of moderately high arterial blood pressure (defined as 160/100 mmHg) with medications is associated with an improved life expectancy.The effect of treatment of blood pressure between 130/80 mmHg and 160/100 mmHg is less clear, with some reviews finding benefit and others finding unclear benefit. High blood pressure affects between 16 and 37% of the population globally.In 2010 hypertension was believed to have been a factor in 18% of all deaths (9.4 million globally).

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Notes Types High blood pressure Terminology

hypertension, rarely has noticeable warning. But if untreated, it extend your risk of serious problems such as heart attacks and strokes.

Around a third of adults in the UK have High blood pressure, although many will not realise it.

The only way to find out if your blood pressure is high is to have your blood pressure checked.

What is High blood pressure?
Blood pressure is recorded with 2 numbers. The systolic pressure (higher number) is the force at which your heart pumps blood around your body.

The diastolic pressure (lower number) is the resistance to the blood flow in the blood vessels.

They're both measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg).

As a general guide:

High blood pressure is considered to be 140/90mmHg or higher (or 150/90mmHg or higher if you're over the age of 80).
ideal blood pressure is usually considered to be between 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg.
Blood pressure readings between 120/80mmHg and 140/90mmHg could mean you're at chance of developing High blood pressure if you do not take steps to keep your blood pressure under control.

Everyone's blood pressure will be slightly different. What's considered low or high for you may be normal for someone else.

Don't know your blood pressure?

Risks of hypertension.
If your blood pressure is too high, it puts extra strain on your blood vessels, heart and other organs, such as the brain, kidneys and eyes.

Persistent hypertension can increase your risk of a number of serious and potentially life-threatening health conditions, such as:

heart disease.
heart attacks.
strokes.
heart failure.
peripheral arterial disease.
aortic aneurysms.
kidney disease.
vascular dementia.

If you have High blood pressure, reducing it even a small amount can help lower your chance of these health conditions.

test your blood pressure.
The only way of knowing whether you have hypertension is to have a blood pressure test.

All adults over 40 are advised to have their blood pressure checked at least every 5 years.

Getting this done is easy and could save your life.

You can get your blood pressure tested at a number of places, including:

at your GP surgery.
at some pharmacies.
as part of your NHS Health Check.
in some workplaces.
You can also monitor your blood pressure yourself with a home blood pressure monitor.

Find out more about getting a blood pressure check.

Causes of High blood pressure.
It's not always clear what causes High blood pressuree, but certain things can grow your chance.

You're at an increased risk of hypertension if you:

are over the age of 65.
are overweight.
are of African or Caribbean descent.
have a relative with High blood pressure.
eat too much salt and do not eat enough fruit and vegetables.
do not do enough exercise.
drink too much alcohol or coffee (or other caffeine-based drinks).
smoke.
do not get much sleep or have disturbed sleep.
Making healthy lifestyle changes can help reduce your chances of getting High blood pressure and help lower your blood pressure if it's already high.

medication for hypertension.
Doctors can help you keep your blood pressure to a safe level using:

lifestyle changes.
medicines.
What works best is different for each person.

Talk to your doctor to help you decide about Cure.

This patient decision aid (PDF, 132kb) can also help you to understand your medication options.

Lifestyle changes to lower blood pressure.
These lifestyle changes can help prevent and lower High blood pressure:

reduce the amount of salt you eat and have a generally healthy diet.
reduce on alcohol.
lose weight if you're overweight.
exercise regularly.
reduce on caffeine.
stop smoking.
Some people with hypertension may also need to take 1 or more medicament to stop their blood pressure getting too high.

prescription for hypertension.
If you're diagnosed with High blood pressure, your doctor may recommend taking 1 or more pharmaceutical to keep it under control.

These come as tablets and usually need to be taken once a day.

Common blood pressure medicines include:

ACE inhibitors – such as enalapril, lisinopril, perindopril and ramipril.
angiotensin-2 receptor blockers (ARBs) – such as candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, valsartan and olmesartan.
calcium channel blockers – such as amlodipine, felodipine and nifedipine or diltiazem and verapamil.
diuretics – such as indapamide and bendroflumethiazide.
beta blockers – such as atenolol and bisoprolol.
alpha blockers – such as doxazosin.
other diuretics – such as amiloride and spironolactone.

The prescription recommended for you will depend on things like how high your blood pressure is, your age and your ethnicity.

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